Farm accountant for the Winnipeg region

Farm businesses that run their own trucks share equipment questions with Winnipeg carriers, and food processors are covered on the Winnipeg manufacturer page.

The cash method, and the adjustments that come with it

Farming income can be reported on the cash method: revenue when the money arrives, expenses when they are paid. That gives a farm real control over timing. Grain can be sold in January rather than December, and inputs for next season can be paid before year-end. Used well, it smooths income across good and poor crop years.

It comes with rules. Where a cash-method loss includes purchased inventory still on hand, a mandatory inventory adjustment adds some of it back. An optional adjustment lets you add income in a low year to use up personal credits that would otherwise be wasted. Both are decisions for the months before year-end, not the week the return is due. The cash versus accrual guide explains the two methods.

GST: zero-rated sales, credits still claimed

Most basic farm products — grain, oilseeds, and livestock raised for food — are zero-rated. You charge no GST on them, but because they are taxable at 0% rather than exempt, you can still register and claim input tax credits on the GST you pay for fuel, repairs, equipment and services. Many inputs are themselves zero-rated, but plenty are not. A registered farm usually files for refunds rather than payments.

Manitoba adds the 7% RST, and certain farm machinery and inputs are exempt when the conditions are met. Sales that are not basic farm products, such as custom work for a neighbour or a farm-gate stand selling prepared goods, may carry GST. The zero-rated versus exempt guide sets out the difference, and GST filing in Winnipeg covers the returns.

Equipment, bins and land

Combines, tractors, grain bins and shops are recovered through capital cost allowance by class. Land is not depreciable at all, which matters when a purchase includes both. A trade-in is a disposal, and selling equipment for more than its remaining tax value brings the difference back into income as recapture. Timing a large purchase around year-end, and around a strong or weak crop, changes when the deduction helps most.

Keep invoices, financing agreements and trade-in documents together. The CCA classes guide covers the rules, and bookkeeping in Winnipeg keeps the asset register current through the year.

Qualified farm property and passing the farm on

Farmland, quota and shares of a family farm corporation can be qualified farm property. When it is sold, the gain may be sheltered by the lifetime capital gains exemption, and each family member who owns an interest may have an exemption of their own. The tests look back over how the property was used and by whom, so they have to be checked well before a sale.

Passing the farm to a child can be done on a rollover that defers tax, with no dollar limit on the value transferred, as long as the property has been used in farming by the family. Rollovers, estate freezes and farm partnerships each fit different families. The farm succession guide and the capital gains exemption guide explain the options.

Restricted farm losses and the acreage question

Not every farming loss can be deducted in full against other income. Where farming is not your chief source of income, alone or combined with another business, losses can be restricted and carried forward rather than used now. This comes up often around Winnipeg, where many families run a farm alongside an off-farm job or another business.

The answer depends on the time, capital and intent the farm really has. A growing operation with a plan to be profitable is treated differently from a hobby acreage. We look at the facts before the return is filed, not after the CRA asks.

Family labour raises a related point. Paying a spouse or teenage children for real work on the farm is deductible when the pay is reasonable for what they do and is actually paid, with payroll records to match. Dividends from a farm corporation to family members are subject to the split-income rules, though farm families have exceptions of their own. See paying your spouse a salary and the guide to tax on split income.

What EverStone handles for you

One CPA, one fixed fee agreed up front:

• Farm income on the cash method, with inventory adjustments
• T2 and financial statements for incorporated farms
• GST registration and refund filings
• CCA schedules for equipment, bins and buildings
• Qualified farm property and succession planning
• Payroll for seasonal and family workers

Fixed fees, fully online

EverStone works with farms entirely online from Abbotsford, which has its own large farming community, and Winnipeg is two hours ahead of us. Nothing needs a drive into the city. A self-employed T1 with farm schedules commonly runs $250 to $450; incorporated farms are quoted after a free consultation. See what it costs.

Remote farm accounting from Abbotsford

EverStone is a sole practitioner CPA firm at 32615 South Fraser Way in Abbotsford, serving Winnipeg businesses entirely online. There is no Winnipeg office and no local staff. Meetings are held by video or phone, documents are exchanged securely by email, e-signature and a secure upload link, and no visit is required at any point. Grain tickets, equipment invoices and bank records come through the secure upload link, in whatever form you keep them.